1. Participant observation: In participant observation, the researcher becomes actively involved in the social setting they are studying. This can involve participating in activities, conversations, and events in order to gain a deep understanding of the culture, norms, and behaviors of the group being studied. 2. Non-participant observation: In non-participant observation, the researcher remains separate from the social setting and does not actively engage with the participants. Instead, they observe from a distance to gather data on social interactions, behaviors, and dynamics within the group. 3. Naturalistic observation: Naturalistic observation involves studying behavior in its natural environment, without any manipulation or interference from the researcher. This technique allows researchers to observe behavior in real-world settings and can provide valuable insights into natural behaviors and interactions. 4. Structured observation: Structured observation involves clearly defined procedures and protocols for collecting data. Researchers develop a specific set of observations, measurements, and variables to assess, and use these guidelines to systematically observe and record behavior. 5. Unstructured observation: Unstructured observation involves the researcher observing behavior without predefined categories or specific guidelines. This technique allows for more flexibility and can be useful for exploring new or unexpected patterns of behavior. 6. Systematic observation: Systematic observation involves the systematic collection and recording of data on specific variables of interest. Researchers use predetermined categories or coding schemes to record observations in a consistent and structured manner, allowing for quantitative analysis of behavior. 7. Direct observation: Direct observation involves directly observing behavior as it occurs, without relying on self-report data or participant recall. This technique provides a real-time and objective view of behavior, allowing researchers to capture subtle nuances and interactions that may not be evident through other methods.